Week 6 - Skin Physiology & Aging: Final Evaluate

 According to our article, which of the following is the main change in the skin during aging that causes wrinkle formation?

  Reduced Keratin 

  Reduced Keratin and Lipids 

  Excessive Collagen and Elastin 

  Excessive Keratin and Lipids 

  Reduced Collagen and Elastin 

 

Question 2

1 / 1 pts

According to our article, which of the following is the main change in the skin during aging that causes reduced skin thickness?

  Reduced lipids and reduced keratin 

  Reduced lipids and reduced elastin 

  Fewer skin cells and reduced lipids 

  Fewer skin cells and reduced collagen 

 

Question 3

1 / 1 pts

According to our article, which of the following is the main change in the skin during aging that causes reduced hydration?

  Decreased collagen 

  Decreased lipids 

  Decreased keratin 

  Decreased elastin 

 

Question 4

1 / 1 pts

According to our article, which of the following is the main change in the skin during aging that causes poor wound healing?

  Reduced cell division and cell migration 

  Excessive collagen and elastin production 

  Excessive lipid production and keratin export 

  Reduced lipid production and keratin export 

Methylene blue, a common antioxidant, could reverse signs of aging in hu...

Week 6 - Skin Physiology & Aging: Jigsaw Group

Reflecting on Expert Groups

 

Reflecting on Expert Groups

Return to the discussion board you just finished working on (e.g., scroll down and click "Previous") to view other students' responses regarding your same article excerpt.  You could do this in a separate window if you like.  Look and see whether other students found similar information as you did in the article excerpt and whether they identified the same main ideas, cells, molecules, etc.

Compose a response here (2-3 sentences) on...

Having seen how other students responded, what, if anything, would you change about your summary of your article excerpt?

If you would not change anything, what about other students' responses helped confirm your interpretation of the article excerpt?

week 6 skin physiology

 Week 6 - Skin Physiology & Aging: Explain Group 4

55 unread replies.55 replies.

Taking a Closer Look at an Article

Methylene Blue Article Title, Authors

We are going to look a bit more closely at the methylene blue article coauthored by our featured scientist, Linlin Sun. 

Click Here Download Click Hereto view an excerpt from the article that deals most directly with the aging symptom of poor healing.  Read this excerpt carefully and think about:

Aging Issue: Wound Healing

Cutaneous wound healing processes include epidermal keratinocyte

migration, dermal fibroblast migration, and the interactions of these cells

with the extracellular matrix (ECM) . The skin repair capabilities decline with age due to structural and functional changes, such as reduced cell division and migration of fibroblasts and degraded collagen and elastin in the ECM . Based on the results from Figs 1–6, we speculate that methylene blue (MB) treatment will promote the wound healing of the skin.

To test this hypothesis, we performed an in vitro wound assay, which mimics the cutaneous wound healing process 30 , 32 . Fibroblast monolayers

were wounded with a scratch and images of cell movement in the

scratched area were captured at 0 and 24 hours post wounding. Two

normal skin fibroblast lines, one derived from a middle-aged individual

and the other from an 84-year old individual, were investigated. As

expected, fibroblasts from the middle-aged donor exhibited faster

recovery than those from the old donor (Fig. 7A–C). Significantly, the MB-treated fibroblasts in both cell lines repopulated significantly faster than their vehicle-treated counterparts (Fig. 7A–C), suggesting that MB treatment promotes wound healing.

What age-related changes contribute to this symptom?

MB triggers fibroblasts, the cells responsible for producing collagen and elastin. Methylene blue has the ability promote healing and able to delay skin aging as well. Age-related changes in the ECM affect cell signaling, migration, and overall tissue repair. Fibroblasts exhibit reduced migration (their ability to move to damaged areas) and altered function.

Age-Related Changes Contributing to Poor Healing because it reduced Cell Division, fibroblasts migration, degradation of collagen and elastin, declining mitochondrial function affects cellular repair processes. Fibroblasts play a central role in wound healing by producing collagen and other components of the extracellular matrix (ECM).

What cell(s) or skin regions are most involved?

cells produce collagen, elastin, and other components of the extracellular matrix (ECM).

Cell(s) and Skin Regions Involved:

Fibroblasts: Fibroblasts play a central role in wound healing by producing collagen and other components of the extracellular matrix (ECM).

Epidermal Keratinocytes: These cells form the outermost layer of the skin and are involved in wound closure.

Dermal Tissue: The dermis, rich in fibroblasts and ECM, contributes to wound healing.

What chemical(s) is/are most involved?

Methylene blue 

How does methylene blue (MB) impact cells/molecules in relation to this symptom? 

MB triggers fibroblasts, the cells responsible for producing collagen and elastin.Methylene blue has the ability promote healing and able to delay skin aging as well. MB treated fibroblasts in both cell lines repopulated. Its ability to scavenge ROS, stimulate fibroblasts, and improve skin health makes it an exciting candidate for anti-aging intervention.: MB altered the expression of extracellular matrix proteins, including upregulation of elastin and collagen 2A1, essential for healthy skin.

Take your time and read carefully!  Use your scientific article reading strategies to make the process easier and more efficient!

Methylene blue can satisfactorily interact with mitochondria. Methylene blue has enhanced efficacy for mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy. Methylene blue disrupts the mitochondrial energy metabolism even in the dark. Methylene blue effects are harmful for the cell economy.

Once you have finished reading, create a post here (not more than 4-5 sentences) to summarize your ideas related to the above questions in your own words.  Keep it simple and focus on only the most important, key ideas from your excerpt.  After submitting your post, take a look at other students' posts (everyone here read the same excerpt)

No responses to other posts or "liking" of other posts is required to receive credit.

Absolutely! As we age, our skin undergoes a series of transformations that impact its repair and rejuvenation abilities. Let’s explore these changes in more detail:

Reduced Cell Division:

Cell division, also known as mitosis, is essential for tissue repair and regeneration.

With age, the rate of cell division decreases. This affects the turnover of skin cells, leading to slower healing and reduced repair capabilities.

Fibroblast Migration:

Fibroblasts are key players in wound healing and tissue repair.

These cells produce collagen, elastin, and other components of the extracellular matrix (ECM).

As we age, fibroblasts exhibit reduced migration (their ability to move to damaged areas) and altered function.

This impacts the overall repair process, as fibroblasts play a crucial role in tissue remodeling and scar formation.

Degradation of Collagen and Elastin:

Collagen and elastin are critical proteins in the ECM.

Collagen provides structural support, while elastin allows skin to stretch and recoil.

Over time, collagen and elastin fibers become cross-linked, leading to stiffness and loss of elasticity.

Additionally, enzymes break down collagen and elastin, contributing to sagging skin, wrinkles, and reduced repair capacity.

Impact on Extracellular Matrix (ECM):

The ECM provides a scaffold for cells and influences their behavior.

Age-related changes in the ECM affect cell signaling, migration, and overall tissue repair.

Degraded ECM components hinder the recruitment of immune cells and fibroblasts to damaged areas.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Mitochondria are the energy powerhouses of cells.

As we age, mitochondrial function declines, leading to increased oxidative stress.

Oxidative damage affects skin cells, impairing their ability to repair and regenerate.

Interventions and Methylene Blue (MB):

Researchers explore various interventions to enhance skin repair.

Methylene Blue (MB), a mitochondrial-targeting antioxidant, has shown promise:It scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduces oxidative stress.

MB activates fibroblasts, promoting collagen production and wound healing.

Its safety profile makes it an exciting candidate for anti-aging skincare.

In summary, understanding these age-related changes helps us develop strategies to support skin repair. While natural aging is inevitable, interventions like MB offer hope for maintaining healthy, resilient skin as we journey through life. 🌟🌿

Week 6 - Skin Physiology & Aging: Explain

 More Frequent Cell Death- Diseases, injuries, toxins and certain treatments damage cells, causing cell death. Sep 28, 2023

• Decreased Cell Division

One of the most widely accepted explanations is that the ends of each cell's chromosomes—called telomeres—shorten a little during each replication and at some point signal the cell to stop dividing in order to protect itself from potential damage.

Telomeres: The main functions of a telomere are to maintain chromosomal stability and prevent chromosomal degradation. Additionally, telomeres protect ends of the chromosome from DNA end-joining to one another or each other, from damage response to DNA, and accidental DNA recombination.

What causes telomeres damage? 

Telomere length shortens with age. Rate of telomere shortening may indicate the pace of aging. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, stress, exposure to pollution, etc. can potentially increase the rate of telomere shortening, cancer risk, and pace of aging.

Decrease protein production. -Why does protein synthesis decrease?

During major stress situations, such as heat shock or energy deficit, synthesis of the majority of proteins is greatly decreased. Much of this regulation occurs at the initiation stage of translation (discussed later).

What are 4 things that can cause the destruction of a protein?

Cells accumulate protein damage through exposure to environmental toxins, physiological stresses, protein synthesis errors, and as a product of age. These damaged proteins reduce cell function and, in some cases, can even threaten cell viability.

What causes problems with protein synthesis?

Protein synthesis deficiency can be caused by mutations in any component of the translation apparatus including tRNA, rRNA and proteins. It can therefore present any mode of inheritance. 

What are 3 examples of diseases disorders caused by incorrectly shaped proteins?

Protein misfolding is believed to be the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, cystic fibrosis, Gaucher's disease and many other degenerative and neurodegenerative disorders.

What is the disease caused by abnormal proteins?

Amyloidosis is an umbrella term that describes diseases caused by abnormal deposits of the protein amyloid. The symptoms of amyloidosis vary widely, depending on which tissues and organs are affected. There is no cure for amyloidosis.

What are misfolded proteins called?

Misfolded proteins (also called toxic conformations) are typically insoluble, and they tend to form long linear or fibrillar aggregates known as amyloid deposits.

Keratin:  Skin Location: Epidermis 

Epithelial cells that produce keratin, among many other jobs. 

Keratin!

Keratin is a protein that helps form hair, nails and your skin's outer layer (epidermis). It helps support your skin, heal wounds and keep your nails and hair healthy. There are 54 kinds of keratin in your body.A type of protein found on epithelial cells, which line the inside and outside surfaces of the body. Keratins help form the tissues of the hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin. They are also found on cells in the lining of organs, glands, and other parts of the body.

keratin filamentTough, fibrous protein.  Different versions of it form the structures of skin, nails, and hair (and horns in other animals!).The nutrients in certain foods can boost keratin production in the body, helping to strengthen the skin, hair, and nails. Examples of these foods include eggs, salmon, onion, sweet potato, and more. Keratin is a protein that helps maintain the structure of hair, nails, skin, and the lining of the internal organs. 

connective tissue cells that produce collagen and elastin, among many other jobs.  Skin Location: Dermis

Fibroblasts! Skin Location: Dermis

Connective tissue cells that produce collagen and elastin, among many other jobs.  

A fibroblast is a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue, a fibrous cellular material that supports and connects other tissues or organs in the body. Fibroblasts secrete collagen proteins that help maintain the structural framework of tissues.

Keratinocytes: Keratinocytes are found in the outermost layer of the skin, called the epidermis. The epidermis is composed of 95% keratinocyte cells. The cells in the basal layer are sometimes called basal keratinocytes or basal cells. 

Skin extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of basement membrane (BM), which is a sheet-like structure separating dermis and epidermis, along with extracellular microenvironment of dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes. ECM composition varies depending on the site in the skin. Mar 27, 2018

Keratinocytes represent the major cell type of the epidermis, the outermost of the layers of the skin, making up about 90 percent of the cells there. 

They originate in the deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale and move up to the final barrier layer of the skin, the stratum corneum.

Keratinocytes Function: As the most dominant cell type constituting the epidermis, keratinocytes play multiple roles essential for skin repair. They are the executors of the re-epithelialization process, whereby keratinocytes migrate, proliferate, and differentiate to restore the epidermal barrier.

 connective tissue cells that produce collagen and elastin, among many other jobs.  Skin Location: Dermis

Collagen! Skin Location: Dermis 

collagen Tough, fibrous protein.  We have different versions of collagen and collagen is the main component of all of our connective tissues!  

Collagen accounts for 30% of your body's protein. It provides structure, support or strength to your skin, muscles, bones and connective tissues. Scientific research is lacking for most collagen supplements, but a well-balanced diet gives your body the raw ingredients it needs to help it make collagen naturally.

Elastin 

Skin Location: Dermis

Highly elastic protein that can stretch and return to its original shape.  Elastin is one of the most abundant proteins in your body. It's a stretchy protein that resembles a rubber band — it can stretch out (extend) and shrink back (recoil). It's a major component of tissues in your body that require stretchiness, like your lungs, bladder, large blood vessels and some ligaments.

Elastin is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein responsible for the extensibility and elastic recoil of many vertebrate tissues, such as large arteries, heart valves, pulmonary tissues, skin, and certain ligaments and cartilages (Reichheld et al., 2019).

lipid Location: epidermis

Hydrophobic fat molecules, like fatty acids and triglycerides.  Skin Location: All over, but perhaps most relevant to our discussion would be epidermis.

Lipids are essential for your health. However, having too many of them can put you at a higher risk of medical conditions like liver disease and heart disease. A buildup of LDL cholesterol can clog the arteries (atherosclerosis ).

Is it OK to leave H. pylori untreated?

 Is it OK to leave H. pylori untreated?

pylori infection can cause gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach). Gastritis can occur suddenly (acute gastritis) or gradually (chronic gastritis). An untreated H. pylori infection may also progress into peptic ulcer disease or stomach cancer later in life.

Is salmon good for H. pylori?

Extra virgin olive oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil; Fatty fish: Mackerel, salmon, tuna; Nutritional nuts: Chia seeds, walnuts, almonds, sunflower seeds, etc. The above foods have the effect of eliminating HP bacteria, restoring the lining of the stomach and reducing the risk of stomach ulcers.