More Frequent Cell Death- Diseases, injuries, toxins and certain treatments damage cells, causing cell death. Sep 28, 2023
- Decreased Cell Division
One of the most widely accepted explanations is that the ends of each cell's chromosomes—called telomeres—shorten a little during each replication and at some point signal the cell to stop dividing in order to protect itself from potential damage.
Telomeres: The main functions of a telomere are to maintain chromosomal stability and prevent chromosomal degradation. Additionally, telomeres protect ends of the chromosome from DNA end-joining to one another or each other, from damage response to DNA, and accidental DNA recombination.
What causes telomeres damage?
Telomere length shortens with age. Rate of telomere shortening may indicate the pace of aging. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, stress, exposure to pollution, etc. can potentially increase the rate of telomere shortening, cancer risk, and pace of aging.
Decrease protein production. -Why does protein synthesis decrease?
During major stress situations, such as heat shock or energy deficit, synthesis of the majority of proteins is greatly decreased. Much of this regulation occurs at the initiation stage of translation (discussed later).
What are 4 things that can cause the destruction of a protein?
Cells accumulate protein damage through exposure to environmental toxins, physiological stresses, protein synthesis errors, and as a product of age. These damaged proteins reduce cell function and, in some cases, can even threaten cell viability.
What causes problems with protein synthesis?
Protein synthesis deficiency can be caused by mutations in any component of the translation apparatus including tRNA, rRNA and proteins. It can therefore present any mode of inheritance.
What are 3 examples of diseases disorders caused by incorrectly shaped proteins?
Protein misfolding is believed to be the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, cystic fibrosis, Gaucher's disease and many other degenerative and neurodegenerative disorders.
What is the disease caused by abnormal proteins?
Amyloidosis is an umbrella term that describes diseases caused by abnormal deposits of the protein amyloid. The symptoms of amyloidosis vary widely, depending on which tissues and organs are affected. There is no cure for amyloidosis.
What are misfolded proteins called?
Misfolded proteins (also called toxic conformations) are typically insoluble, and they tend to form long linear or fibrillar aggregates known as amyloid deposits.
Keratin: Skin Location: Epidermis
Epithelial cells that produce keratin, among many other jobs.
Keratin!
Keratin is a protein that helps form hair, nails and your skin's outer layer (epidermis). It helps support your skin, heal wounds and keep your nails and hair healthy. There are 54 kinds of keratin in your body.A type of protein found on epithelial cells, which line the inside and outside surfaces of the body. Keratins help form the tissues of the hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin. They are also found on cells in the lining of organs, glands, and other parts of the body.
keratin filamentTough, fibrous protein. Different versions of it form the structures of skin, nails, and hair (and horns in other animals!).The nutrients in certain foods can boost keratin production in the body, helping to strengthen the skin, hair, and nails. Examples of these foods include eggs, salmon, onion, sweet potato, and more. Keratin is a protein that helps maintain the structure of hair, nails, skin, and the lining of the internal organs.
connective tissue cells that produce collagen and elastin, among many other jobs. Skin Location: Dermis
Fibroblasts! Skin Location: Dermis
Connective tissue cells that produce collagen and elastin, among many other jobs.
A fibroblast is a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue, a fibrous cellular material that supports and connects other tissues or organs in the body. Fibroblasts secrete collagen proteins that help maintain the structural framework of tissues.
Keratinocytes: Keratinocytes are found in the outermost layer of the skin, called the epidermis. The epidermis is composed of 95% keratinocyte cells. The cells in the basal layer are sometimes called basal keratinocytes or basal cells.
Skin extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of basement membrane (BM), which is a sheet-like structure separating dermis and epidermis, along with extracellular microenvironment of dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes. ECM composition varies depending on the site in the skin. Mar 27, 2018
Keratinocytes represent the major cell type of the epidermis, the outermost of the layers of the skin, making up about 90 percent of the cells there.
They originate in the deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale and move up to the final barrier layer of the skin, the stratum corneum.
Keratinocytes Function: As the most dominant cell type constituting the epidermis, keratinocytes play multiple roles essential for skin repair. They are the executors of the re-epithelialization process, whereby keratinocytes migrate, proliferate, and differentiate to restore the epidermal barrier.
connective tissue cells that produce collagen and elastin, among many other jobs. Skin Location: Dermis
Collagen! Skin Location: Dermis
collagen Tough, fibrous protein. We have different versions of collagen and collagen is the main component of all of our connective tissues!
Collagen accounts for 30% of your body's protein. It provides structure, support or strength to your skin, muscles, bones and connective tissues. Scientific research is lacking for most collagen supplements, but a well-balanced diet gives your body the raw ingredients it needs to help it make collagen naturally.
Elastin
Skin Location: Dermis
Highly elastic protein that can stretch and return to its original shape. Elastin is one of the most abundant proteins in your body. It's a stretchy protein that resembles a rubber band — it can stretch out (extend) and shrink back (recoil). It's a major component of tissues in your body that require stretchiness, like your lungs, bladder, large blood vessels and some ligaments.
Elastin is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein responsible for the extensibility and elastic recoil of many vertebrate tissues, such as large arteries, heart valves, pulmonary tissues, skin, and certain ligaments and cartilages (Reichheld et al., 2019).
lipid Location: epidermis
Hydrophobic fat molecules, like fatty acids and triglycerides. Skin Location: All over, but perhaps most relevant to our discussion would be epidermis.
Lipids are essential for your health. However, having too many of them can put you at a higher risk of medical conditions like liver disease and heart disease. A buildup of LDL cholesterol can clog the arteries (atherosclerosis ).
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