This Week's Goals-done

 

This Week's Goals

This week we will be referring back to our recent Scientist Spotlight on Linlin Sun to understand skin physiology through the viewpoint of aging.  Aging turns out to be a very helpful context for our studies, since all of our major skin cells and chemicals have distinct roles in the aging process.  As a result, we can get a fairly comprehensive overview of skin anatomy and physiology through this one subject - aging!  We will additionally be working more extensively with an academic paper in order to practice our scientific article reading skills.

Given all of the above, we will seek to...

• Use evidence from a scientific article to describe the impacts of aging on skin cells, skin molecules, and normal skin physiology.

• Demonstrate increased comfort and proficiency while reading from a scientific primary source.

A Note About Studying Aging & the Skin

Our society puts a lot of pressure on us - particularly those who identify as women - to prevent and hide certain signs of aging in our skin.  This can create a lot of stress for some individuals!  To be clear, aging, including aging of the skin, can be a wonderful and beautiful process, and not necessarily a process to fear or avoid.  In this module, we will simply be looking at some natural changes that occur in the skin during our lives.  Some of those changes we might wish to prevent, since they involve a decrease in some of skin's functions.  However, there is no presumption or implication that there's a biological basis for wishing to prevent these changes for cosmetic reasons!

skin physio-week6

 

Aging is still something of a mysterious process from an anatomy and physiology perspective, but it is a fascinating one to explore!  View the video below for an overview of what physiologists currently think about aging (or copy and paste this address: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GASaqPv0t0g)

Afterward, compose a brief reflection (approximately 4-5 sentences) on...

What were some of the main themes from the video in terms of physiological changes that happen during aging?

         After watching video, I realized that health and aging depend on what we eat especially contain ultra-processed foods in our daily life. The physiological changes that happen during aging caused by GM foods that we consume every day which interacts harmful effects to our body. 

What confusions or questions come up for you after this video?

            It came across into my mind that how can I prevent from aging.  Mitochondria produce ATP which play important role and cellular process. I am wondering how I can maintain mitochondria healthy and prevent from deterioration.

What do you already know about what happens to the skin in aging?

The sun's ultraviolet light can cause major damage to the skin related to aging.  Eating ultra-processed foods also another reason that leading speed up the aging of body cells. Consume lots of trans fats and can promote the chronic inflammation that hastens the breakdown the body cells lead to aging. Consuming GM foods that caused harmful effects on the human body including DNA damage result in mitochondrial dysfunction. If all cells in the body lost their mitochondria, the cells, tissues and eventually organs inability to operate because it cannot produce energy for cell.

1997 

112 years 

oldest person in earth

human are build 

90 years capacity 

age- growing up 

others growing old 

scientific definition of aging 

interaction with sunlight - The sun's ultraviolet light can cause major damage to the skin. The outer layer of the skin has cells that contain the pigment melanin. Melanin protects skin from the sun's ultraviolet rays. These can burn the skin and reduce its elasticity, leading to premature aging.

air ,

 How aging interaction with diet -Research shows that eating ultra-processed foods can speed up the aging of your cells.

 Much of this is due to ultra-processed foods often containing a high amount of hydrogenated oils, which are full of trans fats and can promote the chronic inflammation that hastens the breakdown (or aging) of your cells.

structure and function of the molecule of the cell. 

recently 9 physiological treats 

1 - body genetic damage -DNA damage can also result in mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, metabolic changes, and the triggering of cellular senescence (small circles). These live but physiologically altered cells are predicted to be a more potent driver of aging and disease.

2 DNA replicate -DNA Replication Stress and Aging

Replication stress may lead to genomic instability, aging, and cancer. Genomic instability may increase during aging due to replication pausing and stalling. Generally, different forms of DNA damage and DNA breakage increase in pausing/stalling of replication. 

mitochondria produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Main energy for all cellular process. 

program cell death. 

mitochondria dead -Mitochondrial biogenesis declines with age due to alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and inhibition of mitophagy, an autophagy process that removes dysfunctional mitochondria.

 Age-dependent abnormalities in mitochondrial quality control further weaken and impair mitochondrial function.

epi- genetic

older people -Alzheimer's 

harmful genetic alteration -causes: The biggest threat caused by GM foods is that they can have harmful effects on the human body. 

It is believed that consumption of these genetically engineered foods can cause the development of diseases which are immune to antibiotics.

What are GMOs?

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are created through the process of genetic engineering: a technology that takes DNA from one organism and moves it into another, creating new varieties of plants and animals that wouldn’t be found in nature.

Organic is Non-GMO

Organic is non-GMO because the use of GMOs is prohibited in organic production. For example, organic farmers cannot plant GMO seeds, organic livestock cannot eat GMO feed, and organic food manufacturers cannot use GMO ingredients.

What GMO crops are in the United States?

Corn: Corn is the most commonly grown crop in the United States, and most of it is GMO. ...

Soybean: 

Cotton: ...

Potato: ...

Papaya: ...

Summer Squash: ...

Canola: ...

Alfalfa:

decline as we age. 

package with chromosome! 

telomer become too short - process that halt cycle. 

cancer proliferation 

cutting short to replicate 

resize - without limit to other cells. 

other changes revolved 

stop being able to do 

toxic nutrients 

intercellular communication 

aging

longer life we know it 

exercise 

medicine 

gene therapy

live longer we already do 

no tell

how can you prevent mitochondria dead? 

Clinical trials have shown the utility of using oral replacement supplements, such as l-carnitine, alpha-lipoic acid (α-lipoic acid [1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid]), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 [ubiquinone]), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), membrane phospholipids, and other supplements.

10 Ways You Can Boost Mitochondria

Mitochondria sustain human life because they generate the energy that powers our cells. By supporting mitochondrial fitness, we are supporting the optimal functioning of pretty much every cell and system in the body.

Boosting mitochondria can help us live a long and healthy life.

1.  Calorie Restriction,
2.  exercise 
3. mitochondria nutrients 
4. sleep 
5. relaxation techniques 
6. Red and near-infrared light can penetrate the skin and act on mitochondria through stimulation of a molecule called cytochrome C oxidase. A number of benefits have been described for red/near-infrared light therapy, including, for example, accelerated wound healing and increased capacity to decrease muscle damage and improve muscle recovery following exercise.
7. Supporting NAD-NAD+ (from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a molecule derived from vitamin B3 found in every single cell in the body. NAD+ has a key role in mitochondrial function: It is the main molecule responsible for the delivery of the electrons that are extracted from food to the electron transport chain for ATP production.
8. cold exposure 
9. 
   
10. heat exposure
11. sun light: Without forgetting that excessive unprotected sunbathing can be very harmful, it’s important to remember that the right amount of sun is fundamental for our health. A well-known effect of sunlight is the production of vitamin D in our skin. It turns out that vitamin D is necessary for mitochondrial activity and that vitamin D supplementation in vitamin D-deficient adults improves mitochondrial oxidative capacity in muscles. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that vitamin D promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and increases the oxidative capacity of mitochondria in muscles and brown fat.

Cancer is a generic term for many diseases

 Cancer is a generic term for many diseases in which cells escape regulatory signals. Uncontrolled growth, invasion into adjacent tissues, and colonization of other organs, if not treated early enough, are its hallmarks. Health suffers when tumors “rob” blood supply from the “normal” organs.

 

 

 Many tumors are benign, meaning they do not metastasize nor cause disease. A tumor becomes malignant, or cancerous, when it breaches the confines of its tissue, promotes angiogenesis, attracts the growth of capillaries, and metastasizes to other organs.

 he specific names of cancers reflect the tissue of origin. Cancers derived from epithelial cells are referred to as carcinomas. Cancer in myeloid tissue or blood cells form myelomas. Leukemias are cancers of white blood cells, whereas sarcomas derive from connective tissue. Cells in tumors differ both in structure and function. Some cells, called cancer stem cells, appear to be a subtype of cell responsible for uncontrolled growth. Recent research shows that contrary to what was previously assumed, tumors are not disorganized masses of cells, but have their own structures.

 Cancer treatments vary depending on the disease’s type and stage. Traditional approaches, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy, aim to remove or kill rapidly dividing cancer cells, but these strategies have their limitations. Depending on a tumor’s location, for example, cancer surgeons may be unable to remove it. Radiation and chemotherapy are difficult, and it is often impossible to target only the cancer cells. The treatments inevitably destroy healthy tissue as well. To address this, researchers are working on pharmaceuticals that can target specific proteins implicated in cancer-associated molecular pathways.

 Cells may begin to function abnormally, which may lead to diseases associated with aging, including arthritis, memory issues, and some cancers.

cancer

 Cancer treatments vary depending on the disease’s type and stage. Traditional approaches, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy, aim to remove or kill rapidly dividing cancer cells, but these strategies have their limitations.Depending on a tumor’s location, for example, cancer surgeons may be unable to remove it. Radiation and chemotherapy are difficult, and it is often impossible to target only the cancer cells. The treatments inevitably destroy healthy tissue as well. To address this, researchers are working on pharmaceuticals that can target specific proteins implicated in cancer-associated molecular pathways.

Aging

The progressive impact of aging on the body varies considerably among individuals, but Studies indicate, however, that exercise and healthy lifestyle choices can slow down the deterioration of the body that comes with old age. 

 

 region of thechromosone - 

cell are less able to redevide regenerate

shorting it time 

divide - regenerate 

transport the o2 and remove 

abnormally - associate iwth aging 

arthritis 

cancer 

memory issue 

healthy lifestyle can slow down the aging 

cancer - 

uncontrolled growth

colonization of other organ 

mutation is permanant change of the DNA 

DNA is decode - generate abnormal cell 

enviroment , infectious 

mordification -prolifiration 

accumate - loose to form normal tissue 

many tumor -

tomor become maglinant -cancerous 

metastatis 

4.22 

cancer the tissue of o

 

can myloid -mylomas 

lukemia -wbc

sarcoma related to connective tissue 

uncontrolled growth 

tumor are not disorganized 

tumor 

surgery

radiation 

remove or rapidly devide cancer 

depending on the location of cancer 

radion and chemotherapy difficut 

destroyed the healthly cell as well 

Skin Wound Healing Process

Nervous tissue

 By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Identify the classes of cells that make up nervous tissue

Discuss how nervous tissue mediates perception and response

Nervous tissue is characterized as being excitable and capable of sending and receiving electrochemical signals that provide the body with information. Two main classes of cells make up nervous tissue: the neuron and neuroglia (Figure 4.19). Neurons propagate information via electrochemical impulses, called action potentials,which are biochemically linked to the release of chemical signals. Neuroglia play an essential role in supporting neurons and modulating their information propagation.

Neurons display distinctive morphology, well suited to their role as conducting cells, with three main parts. The cell body includes most of the cytoplasm, the organelles, and the nucleus. Dendrites branch off the cell body and appear as thin extensions. A long “tail,” the axon, extends from the neuron body and can be wrapped in an insulating layer known as myelin, which is formed by accessory cells. The synapse is the gap between nerve cells, or between a nerve cell and its target, for example, a muscle or a gland, across which the impulse is transmitted by chemical compounds 

smooth muscle

 Smooth muscle tissue contraction is responsible for involuntary movements in the internal organs. It forms the contractile component of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems as well as the     airways and arteries. Each cell is spindle shaped with a single nucleus and no visible striations (Figure 4.18).

cardiac muscle

 Cardiac muscle forms the contractile walls of the heart. 

The cells of cardiac muscle, known as cardiomyocytes, also appear striated under the microscope. Unlike skeletal muscle fibers, cardiomyocytes are single cells typically with a single centrally located nucleus.  

 A principal characteristic of cardiomyocytes is that they contract on their own intrinsic rhythms without any external stimulation. Cardiomyocyte attach to one another with specialized cell junctions called intercalated discs. Intercalated discs have both anchoring junctions and gap junctions. Attached cells form long, branching cardiac muscle fibers that are, essentially, a mechanical and electrochemical syncytium allowing the cells to synchronize their actions. The cardiac muscle pumps blood through the body and is under involuntary control. The attachment junctions hold adjacent cells together across the dynamic pressures changes of the cardiac cycle.

skeletal Muscle tissue

 Muscle tissue is classified into three types according to structure and function: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth 

skeletal :Long cylindrical fiber, striated, many peripherally located nuclei Voluntary movement, produces heat, protects organsLocation=> Attached to bones and around entrance points to body  (e.g., mouth, anus)

Cardiac muscle Short, branched, striated, single central nucleus Contracts to pump blood- location=> Heart

Smooth Short, spindle-shaped, no evident striation, single nucleus in each fiber Involuntary movement, moves food, involuntary control of respiration, moves secretions, regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction-location : Walls of major organs and passageways 

Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and its contraction makes possible locomotion, facial expressions, posture, and other voluntary movements of the body.

Forty percent of your body mass is made up of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles generate heat as a byproduct of their contraction and thus participate in thermal homeostasis.

Shivering is an involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles in response to perceived lower than normal body temperature. The muscle cell, or myocyte, develops from myoblasts derived from the mesoderm. Myocytes and their numbers remain relatively constant throughout life. Skeletal muscle tissue is arranged in bundles surrounded by connective tissue.

Under the light microscope, muscle cells appear striated with many nuclei squeezed along the membranes. The striation is due to the regular alternation of the contractile proteins actin and myosin, along with the structural proteins that couple the contractile proteins to connective tissues.The cells are multinucleated as a result of the fusion of the many myoblasts that fuse to form each long muscle fiber.

introduction and goal

 This week we will be referring back to our recent Scientist Spotlight on Linlin Sun to understand skin physiology through the viewpoint of aging.  Aging turns out to be a very helpful context for our major skin cells and chemicals have distinct roles in the aging process.  As a result, we can get a fairly comprehensive overview of skin anatomy and physiology through this one subject -  aging!  We will additionally be working more extensively with an academic paper in order to practice our scientific article reading skills.

Given all of the above, we will seek to.

Use evidence from a scientific article to describe the impacts of aging on skin cells, skin molecules, and normal skin physiology.

Demonstrate increased comfort and proficiency while reading from a..

Application Question 8

 Before we move on to some new topics about the skin, let's take a moment to reflect on our discussions in our last class meeting.  Feel free to look back at your notes or the Zoom recording of the last meeting to refresh your memory!

Some sort of disease, injury, or infection has afflicted someone’s skin! Your job is to figure out what’s going on and show your evidence for conclusion.

Clues 

Keratinocyte: Desmosomes disrupted. Sending cytokines to attract WBCs. Keratinocyte Stem Cell: Dividing more rapidly to replace cells. Making complement proteins to seek out microbes. Melanocyte: Momentarily detected increased UV radiation in the skin but then the stimulus went away. Langerhans Cell: Identified numerous targets and am eliminating them. Fibroblast: There’s a need for a small amount of new dermal protein fibers. Dermal Dendritic Cell: No unusual activity requiring my services. Merkel Cell: Sensed a sudden increase in pressure in one area of the skin. Lamellated Corpuscle: No signals out of the ordinary.

Using a spare piece of paper or an index card or post it, create a diagram of the skin based on the clues. All 8 cell types and information from the clues should be represented. Show or label your idea of what the skin problem is!